Estimation, Mapping And Navigation With Micro Aerial Vehicles For Infrastructure Inspection

Multi-rotor Micro Aerial Vehicles (MAV) have become popular robotic platforms in the last decade due to their manufacturability, agility and diverse payload options. Amongst the most promising applications areas of MAVs are inspection, air delivery, surveillance, search and rescue, real estate, entertainment and photography to name a few. While GPS offers an easy solution for outdoor autonomy, using onboard sensors is the only solution for autonomy in constrained indoor environments. In this work, we study onboard state estimation, mapping and navigation of a small MAV equipped with a minimal set of sensors inside GPS-denied, axisymmetric, tunnel-like environments such as penstocks. We primarily focus on state estimators formulated for different sensor suits which include 2D/3D lidars, cameras, and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU). Penstocks are pitch dark environments and offer very weak visual texture even with onboard illumination, hence our estimators primarily rely on lidars and IMU. The point cloud data returned by the lidar consists of either elliptical contours or indiscriminate partial cylindrical patches making localization along the tunnel axis theoretically impossible. Cameras track features on the walls using the onboard illumination to estimate the velocity along the tunnel axis unobservable to range sensors. Information from all sensors are then fused in a central Kalman Filter for 6 Degrees-of-Freedom (DOF) state estimation. These approaches are validated through onsite experiments conducted in four different dams demonstrating state estimation, environment mapping, autonomous and shared control.