Ingersoll, RichardSmith, Thomas M2023-05-222023-05-222003-05-012007-10-17https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/34868In recent years, researchers and policymakers have told us again and again that severe teacher shortages confront schools. They point to a dramatic increase in the demand for new teachers resulting from two converging demographic trends: increasing student enrollments and increasing numbers of teachers reaching retirement age. Shortfalls of teachers, they say, are forcing many school systems to lower their standards for teacher quality (National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, 1997).Article