Farah, Martha JIlieva, IrenaHamilton, RoySmith, M. Elizabeth2023-05-232023-05-232014-01-012015-05-11https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/41446Cognitive enhancement refers to the improvement of cognitive ability in normal healthy individuals. In this article, we focus on the use of pharmaceutical agents and brain stimulation for cognitive enhancement, reviewing the most common methods of pharmacologic and electronic cognitive enhancement, and the mechanisms by which they are believed to work, the effectiveness of these methods and their prevalence. We note the many gaps in our knowledge of these matters, including open questions about the size, reliability and nature of the enhancing effects, and we conclude with recommendations for further research.This is the peer reviewed version of the article which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1250. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for self-archiving.cognitive enhancementBioethics and Medical EthicsNeuroscience and NeurobiologyNeurosciencesArticle