Branas, CharlesRichmond, Therese SCulhane, Dennis PWiebe, DouglasElliott, Michael R2023-05-232023-05-232009-05-012016-07-07https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/41744BACKGROUND: We conducted a population-based case-control study to better delineate the relationship between individual alcohol consumption, alcohol outlets in the surrounding environment, and being assaulted with a gun. METHODS: An incidence density sampled case-control study was conducted in the entire city of Philadelphia from 2003 to 2006. We enrolled 677 cases that had been shot in an assault and 684 population-based controls. The relationships between 2 independent variables of interest, alcohol consumption and alcohol outlet availability, and the outcome of being assaulted with a gun were analyzed. Conditional logistic regression was used to adjust for numerous confounding variables. RESULTS: After adjustment, heavy drinkers were 2.67 times as likely to be shot in an assault when compared with nondrinkers (p < 0.10) while light drinkers were not at significantly greater risk of being shot in an assault when compared with nondrinkers. Regression-adjusted analyses also demonstrated that being in an area of high off-premise alcohol outlet availability significantly increased the risk of being shot in an assault by 2.00 times (p < 0.05). Being in an area of high on-premise alcohol outlet availability did not significantly change this risk. Heavy drinkers in areas of high off-premise alcohol outlet availability were 9.34 times (p < 0.05) as likely to be shot in an assault. CONCLUSIONS: This study finds that the gun assault risk to individuals who are near off-premise alcohol outlets is about the same as or statistically greater than the risk they incur from heavy drinking. The combination of heavy drinking and being near off-premise outlets resulted in greater risk than either factor alone. By comparison, light drinking and being near on-premise alcohol outlets were not associated with increased risks for gun assault. Cities should consider addressing alcohol-related factors, especially off-premise outlets, as highly modifiable and politically feasible approaches to reducing gun violence.This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 May ; 33(5): 906–915., which has been published in final form at http://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1530-0277.2009.00912.x This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving: http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-820227.html#terms.Alcohol DrinkingAlcoholic BeveragesCase-Control StudiesCommerceFemaleFirearmsHumansMaleRiskSocioeconomic FactorsViolenceAlcohol DrinkingAlcoholic BeveragesCase-Control StudiesCommerceFemaleFirearmsHumansMaleRiskSocioeconomic FactorsViolenceMedicine and Health SciencesNursingArticle