Vasserman, EugeneVenkatasubramanian, KrishnaSokolsky, OlegLee, Insup2023-05-222023-05-222012-11-012013-01-21https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/6817Interoperable medical devices (IMDs) face threats due to the increased attack surface presented by interoperability and the corresponding infrastructure. Introducing networking and coordination functionalities fundamentally alters medical systems' security properties. Understanding the threats is an important first step in eventually designing security solutions for such systems. Part 2 of this two-part article defines a failure model, or the specific ways in which IMD environments might fail when attacked. An attack-consequences model expresses the combination of failures experienced by IMD environments for each attack vector. This analysis leads to interesting conclusions about regulatory classes of medical devices in IMD environments subject to attacks.© 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.CPS MedicalICEIMDIntegrated Clinical Environmentattack modelattack vectorscomputer securityinteroperabilityinteroperable medical devicesmedical devicesArticle