Harrison, Ann E2023-05-222023-05-221996-03-012017-02-03https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/40551This paper draws together a variety of openness measures to test the association between openness and growth. Although the correlation across different types of openness is not always strong, there is generally a positive association between growth and different measures of openness. The strength of the association depends on whether the specification uses cross-section or panel data (which combines cross-section and time series). For industrializing countries, which have exhibited significant fluctuations in trade regimes over time, long-run averages may not serve as very meaningful indicators of policy.© 1996. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/productivityopennesstrade policygrowthBusiness Administration, Management, and OperationsInternational BusinessArticle