Kwon, Kwang-ChulDaniell, Henry2023-05-222023-05-222015-10-012019-11-21https://repository.upenn.edu/handle/20.500.14332/8988Biopharmaceuticals made using current production systems are prohibitively expensive and are not affordable for a large majority of the global population. The cost of protein drugs ($140 billion in 2013) exceeds GDP of >75% of countries around the globe (Walsh, 2014), making them unaffordable in these countries. The one-third of the global population that earns <$2 per day cannot afford any protein drugs. This is because of their production in prohibitively expensive fermenters, purification, cold storage/transportation, short shelf life and sterile delivery methods. Simpler methods of delivery such as oral dosing could obviate much of the expense: however, oral delivery of protein drugs has been elusive for decades because of their degradation in the digestive system, inability to cross the gut epithelium and delivery to target cells/tissues.This is the peer reviewed version of the following article:Kwon, K., & Daniell, H. (2015). Low‐cost oral delivery of protein drugs bioencapsulated in plant cells. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 13(8), 1017-1022. doi:10.1111/pbi.12462, which has been published in final form at doi:10.1111/pbi.12462. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving http://olabout.wiley.com/WileyCDA/Section/id-820227.html#terms.industrial production; plant-made biopharmaceuticals; chloroplast; edible plants; molecular pharmingDentistryArticle