Krippendorff, Klaus
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Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics
Communication
Industrial and Product Design
Interdisciplinary Arts and Media
Semantics and Pragmatics
Communication
Industrial and Product Design
Interdisciplinary Arts and Media
Semantics and Pragmatics
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Publication Mathematical Theory of Communication(2009-01-01) Krippendorff, KlausPublication Systematic and Random Disagreement and the Reliability of Nominal Data(2008-02-10) Krippendorff, KlausReliability is an important bottleneck for content analysis and similar methods for generating analyzable data. This is because the analysis of complex qualitative phenomena such as texts, social interactions, and media images easily escape physical measurement and call for human coders to describe what they read or observe. Owing to the individuality of coders, the data they generate for subsequent analysis are prone to errors not typically found in mechanical measuring devices. However, most measures that are designed to indicate whether data are sufficiently reliable to warrant analysis do not differentiate among kinds of disagreement that prevent data from being reliable. This paper distinguishes two kinds of disagreement, systematic disagreement and random disagreement, and suggests measures of them in conjunction with the agreement coefficient α (alpha) (Krippendorff, 2004a, pp. 211-256). These measures, previously proposed for interval data (Krippendorff, 1970), are here developed for nominal data. Their importance lies in their ability to not only aid the development of reliable coding instructions but also warn researchers about two kinds of errors they face when using imperfect data.Publication Produckstsemantik(1986) Krippendorff, KlausMein eigenes Interesse an der Semantik geht auf das Studium der Produktform in Ulm zurück. In der Zeitschrift OUTPUT prägte ich damals die Formel, daß Konstrukteure die Gestalter technischer Funktionen seien, während Designer für die Gestaltung der kommunikativen Aspekte von Gegenständen verantwortlich zeichnen sollten.Publication Stakeholder Theory(1998-02-01) Krippendorff, KlausPublication Ecological Narratives: Reclaiming the Voice of Theorized Others(2000-01-01) Krippendorff, KlausThe urge to theorize has been a driving force of Western intellectual tradition. It underlies academic discourse, giving the scientific enterprise its vitality. Without systematic theorizing, much of contemporary culture, particularly technology, would be virtually unthinkable.Publication Review of Robert Weber, "Basic Content Analysis"(1987-03-01) Krippendorff, KlausPublication Computing Krippendorff's Alpha-Reliability(2011-01-25) Krippendorff, KlausKrippendorff’s alpha (α) is a reliability coefficient developed to measure the agreement among observers, coders, judges, raters, or measuring instruments drawing distinctions among typically unstructured phenomena or assign computable values to them. α emerged in content analysis but is widely applicable wherever two or more methods of generating data are applied to the same set of objects, units of analysis, or items and the question is how much the resulting data can be trusted to represent something real.Publication Cybernetics’s Reflexive Turns(2008-01-01) Krippendorff, KlausIn the history of cybernetics there have been several attempts by cyberneticians to put themselves into the circularities of their theories and designs, invoking a shift from the cybernetics of mechanisms to a cybernetics of cybernetics. The latter is the title of a book chapter by Margaret Mead (1968) and of Heinz von Foerster’s (1974) edited compilation of articles on cybernetics. Foerster introduced the concept of second-order cybernetics which may have overshadowed or sidelined other reflexivities. I am attempting to recover four reflexive turns, describe their origin, implications, and suggest ways in which they continue what Karl Müller (2007) calls an unfinished revolution. These turns are not discussed here in their historical succession but as conceptual expansions of cybernetics.Publication Monitoring The Symbolic Environment Of An Organization: A New Analytic Approach to the Strategic Management of Public Relations(1985-05-23) Krippendorff, Klaus; Eleey, Michael FPublication Suggested Domain and Structure of a Ph.D. Program in Social Communication Science(1965) Krippendorff, Klaus